Deuteronomy 23:11 ASV
(11) but it shall be, when evening cometh on, he shall bathe himself in water; and when the sun is down, he shall come within the camp.
It shall be unto you a sabbath of solemn rest, and ye shall afflict your souls: in the ninth day of the month at even, from even unto even, shall ye keep your sabbath. Leviticus 23:32 ASV
When reading the Bible, we must take into account that a Biblical day is not the same like the same day reckoning in other Calendars. A Biblical day falls between two evenings: Friday evening to Saturday evening is Saturday in Hebrew.
And God called the light, Day. And He called the darkness, Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. Genesis 1:5 MKJV
When we read measurements of time in the Bible, we must keep in mind that the time involved is Biblical time which is different from other time keeping because a biblical day starts in the evening before darkness, which is night (Genesis 1:5). In considering the timing of some events in the Bible, biblical pundits argue that the Jews count part of a day as a day. But we see in Exodus 12:18-19 that the day is well defined in time: from the fourteenth to the twenty-first is 7 days not 8 days.
"In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month at even, ye shall eat unleavened bread, until the one and twentieth day of the month at even. Exodus 12:18 ASV
Seven days shall ye eat unleavened bread; even the first day ye shall put away leaven out of your houses: for whosoever eateth leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall be cut off from Israel. Exodus 12:15 ASV"
So, there is no such thing as inclusive dating that would have made the length of the unleavened bread 8 days. The Bible subtracts the dates: 21-14=7. Period. Exodus 12:18-19. The biblical day covers 2 Roman secular days like the 7th day Sabbath which covers Friday and Saturday. In other words, a biblical day falls between 2 evenings.
Therefore, during the Passover week, the length of 3 days cover the span of 4 named days. For example, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday do not count 3 days, from the point of view of Exodus 12:18-19. Friday, Saturday, Sunday, and Monday do cover the length of 3 days from the perspective of Exodus 12:18-19. Remember: 'There was an evening, and there was a morning'. Genesis 1:5.
Jesus was mindful of Exodus 12:18-19, when He invoked the experience of Prophet Jonah in the belly of the fish for 3 days and 3 nights, in the boundary of His prophesied death and resurrection timing of '3 days', 'third day', 'after the third day'.
The arithmetic of Friday, Saturday, early Sunday boundary for the timing of the death and resurrection of Jesus fails the tests of the Prophet Jonah and of Exodus 12:18-19. One night is missing: Sunday night. In other words, if Jesus died at the ninth hour, the resurrection must take place on Monday. Counting part of a day to squeeze the resurrection for Sunday falls afoul of the definition of 7 days (also of a day) of Exodus 12:18-19, as the Jews were still celebrating the 7 day long ordinance.
Fortunately, some correct translations of the related texts in the New Testament place the resurrection on a Saturday which is specified as the first of the seven sabbaths that lead to Pentecostal (fiftieth) day, which has always been a Sunday.
Matthew 28:1 LITV But late in [the] sabbaths, at the dawning into [the] first of [the] sabbaths, Mary the Magdalene and the other Mary came to gaze upon the grave.
Note that [ ] means that the word does not appear in the original text but is added by the translators.
Again, one biblical day covers 2 nominal days in the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
Genesis 24:11 ASV
(11) And he made the camels to kneel down without the city by the well of water at the time of evening, the time that women go out to draw water.Deuteronomy 23:11 ASV(11) but it shall be, when evening cometh on, he shall bathe himself in water; and when the sun is down, he shall come within the camp.
Joshua 10:13 ASVAnd the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, Until the nation had avenged themselves of their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jashar? And the sun stayed in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go (H935) down about a whole day.
Amos 8:9 ASV(9) And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord Jehovah, that I will cause the sun to go [down] at noon, and I will darken the earth in the clear day.
Matthew 27:45 ASVNow from the sixth hour (9 AM) there was darkness over all the land until the ninth hour (12 PM).Mark 15:33 ASVAnd when the sixth hour (9 AM) was come, there was darkness over the whole land until the ninth hour (12 PM).Luke 23:44 ASVAnd it was now about the sixth hour (9 AM), and a darkness came over the whole land until the ninth hour (12 PM),
In the parable of the vineyard, Jesus teaches about the 12 hours of the day portion of a Jewish day, which He says is divided into 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness.
Jesus places the householder in the morning time. His second effort to recruit laborers was at the third hour, which cannot be pitch black Roman 3 AM.
His third and fourth recruitment were at the sixth and ninth hour Jewish time, not our 6 AM and 9 AM Roman time. Understand that if the Jewish 6th and 9th hour were Roman 6 AM and 9 AM, it would mean that the householder had the workers working in his vineyard since our Roman 1 AM, which is night time nor morning time.
His fifth recruitment was at the 11th hour of the day, which, obviously, cannot be Roman 11 AM. Therefore, Jewish hours of the day and of the night are not equivalent to our Roman time.
The entire work day lasted 12 hours, until the evening time, because we read that the laborers complain that the last ones only worked for 1 hour, until evening time.
The Jewish reckoning of time is independent of seasonal sunset, which occurs at different times. No day can start and end according to the time of sunset, so that we can start a Jewish day at the variable times of sunsets, according to geographic locations.
All clocks are fixed, which explains why sunset falls at different times of the year.
Evening Clock Time in the Parable of the Vineyard: the 12th Jewish hour which is 3 PM in our Roman Standard Time.
Matthew 20:8-12 ASV
(8) And when even was come, the lord of the vineyard saith unto his steward, Call the laborers, and pay them their hire, beginning from the last unto the first.
(9) And when they came that were hired about the eleventh hour, they received every man a shilling.
(10) And when the first came, they supposed that they would receive more; and they likewise received every man a shilling.
(11) And when they received it, they murmured against the householder,
(12) saying, These last have spent but one hour, and thou hast made them equal unto us, who have borne the burden of the day and the scorching heat.
Would Jesus refer to the 12th hour of the previous day as the first hour to start the next day? We can see the division of the biblical time from 12-4, 4-8, 8-12. That would be 3 watches.
We read of the morning watch in Exodus 14:24. We read of the middle watch in Judges 7:19. It implies that, if there is a middle watch, there must be 4 watches for each 12 hours. Could the divisions of morning, noon, evening, night be also watches?
Psalms 90:4 speaks of a watch in the night.
Jesus came unto the disciples in the fourth watch of the night walking on the sea, according to Matthew 14:25 and Mark 6:48.
Matthew 24:43 speaks of not knowing in what watch the thief would come. Do thieves come during the day? If thieves were expected to break in at night, Matthew 24:43 implies that the night was divided into watches as Matthew 14:25 suggests.
Luke 12:38 speaks of the second and of the third watch. So, there were at least 4 watches.
So, a division of 12 hours into 4 slots is more likely so that the Sabbath day as an equal day also is divided into 4 watches: 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12.
Hence, it makes sense that the biblical Jewish Sabbath day starts at the first hour of the first watch.
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Ezekiel 33:13 ASV
(13) When I say to the righteous, that he shall surely live; if he trust to his righteousness, and commit iniquity, none of his righteous deeds shall be remembered; but in his iniquity that he hath committed, therein shall he die.